Building a Comprehensive School Discipline Referral Form

A school discipline referral form is utilized in most school districts. Each district tailors the referral form to meet their particular needs. There are many important reasons that school districts require their teachers and administrators to utilize these forms. These include: Creating a paper trail to protect everyone involved.Gives the principal a starting point and foundation for gathering information relevant to the behavior infraction.Can help establish and document a pattern of student behavior.Guides the discipline process ensuring that every student sent the office on a discipline referral is being met with the same process.  Forces the teacher to evaluate what prior strategies they have implemented on their own to attempt to correct the behavior. Schools that do not use a school discipline referral form to document student behavior issues will likely have several obstacles should legal action be taken by a constituent of the district. Filling out and adhering to a school discipline referral form does take time. However, it is worth it as serves to protect everyone involved in the process. Categories Defined   Others Involved - None, Peers, Teacher, Staff, Sub, OtherPotential Witnesses - List all people who are not directly involved, but may have seen the incident.Nature of Incident - Excessive Talking, Unprepared for Class, Excessive Tardies, Inappropriate Language, Violation of Dress Code, Disrespect, Violation of School Bus Rules, Disorderly Conduct, Defacing Property, Truancy, Lying/Cheating, Uncooperative, Horseplay, Misuse of Electronic Device, Harassment, Bullying, Fighting/Assault, Vandalism, Violation of State Federal Laws, Violation of School Policy, OtherDescribe Incident - List a detailed description of the incident containing all of the known facts.Possible Motivation - Avoid Activity, Avoid Adult, Avoid Peers, Avoid Task, Obtain Peer Attention, Obtain Adult Attention, Obtain Activities, Obtain Items, Other, Dont KnowPrevious Classroom Discipline History of Student - Explain other behavior issues (related and unrelated) you have had with the student in the class.Previously Us ed Teacher Intervention Strategies - Counseling Referral, Parent Conference, Conference with Student, Seat Change, Detention, Loss of Privilege, Social Skills Instruction, Extra AssignmentStudents Statement - Provides the student with an opportunity to explain themselves and become a part of the process to find a solution.Consequences Assigned by Administrator - Class Removal, Campus Beautification, Counseling Referral, Alternative Placement, Loss of Privilege, Detention, Conference with Student, Mentoring, Conference with Parent, Out-of-School Suspension, In School Placement, ExpulsionFollow-Up Plan - Provides an opportunity to check up on the student, provide the resources, and a plan to support them in correcting the behavior. Sample School Discipline Referral Form Student Name: _____________________________________ Grade:_______________________ Referring Teacher: _________________________________________________ Date: ___/___/___   Time:____________ Location: ______________________________________ Others Involved: ________________________________________________________________ Potential Witnesses: _____________________________________________________________ Nature of Incident: ______________________________________________________________ Describe Incident:  Ã‚   ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Possible Motivation: ______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ Previous Classroom Discipline History of Student _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ Previously Used Teacher Intervention Strategies (If applicable) ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Teacher Signature: ______________________________________________________________ Administrators Report   Student’s Statement What rule did you violate? ___________________________________________________________ Why did you violate the rule? _________________________________________________________ Did you get what you wanted? ________________________________________________________ What is another alternative to get what you want? _________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ Consequences Assigned by Administrator   _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ Parent Notification Method   ______ Phone Call ______ In Office ______ Email ______ Letter ______ Other _____________ Referral to Other Services (If Necessary) ______ Discipline Review Team _______ Counseling _______ Local Authorities ______Other Follow up Plan   _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ Student Signature: _________________________________________ Date: ____/_____/_____ Administrator Signature: _____________________________________ Date: ____/_____/_____ Parent Signature: __________________________________________ Date: ____/_____/_____

Essay on The Homeless Are NOT Bums - 770 Words

Just because one homeless person has committed a crime or used the money he has collected on things such as alcohol or drugs does not mean that every homeless person is going to be like that. Many homeless people are Vietnam veterans, have a mental illness, or cannot survive in this economy which we are in. I have had a few experiences with homeless people but there is one which is unforgettable. It is much like when Nathaniel Ayres begins yelling at Mr. Lopez then proceeds to apologize later on (Lopez, 258). Most homeless people do not receive aid from the government or do not receive enough aid which is why they resort to panhandling. Seeing these many homeless people shows us how well our government is doing in protecting its people.†¦show more content†¦Rather then come back to continue what the man had started, he instead had come to apologize for his actions. He began explaining how he had an illness which he could not control at times. He also explained to us how he w as a Vietnam veteran and the amount of money he was getting from the government was nowhere near what he needed in order to get through his everyday life. He then offered to work to pay off whatever his actions had cost the store, and then asked if there was any type of job opening for him. Although this mans actions were frightening, they were also quit interesting. Many homeless people sit around lazily asking for money to buy drugs, while others try to find ways to make money to hopefully be given the chance to start a new life for themselves. Everyday no matter where it is that u live, whether u live around the downtown area or if u live in a richer, more nicer area, you will see a homeless person asking for money. Many people have no problem with pan handlers because they do not interfere with our lives in any way. Most people do not like carrying change around and hearing all those coins in their pocket smashing into each other with every step they take. When they see a homele ss person asking for spare change most people are almost more then welcome to help them out. Not all people just give their money to homeless people though; this is because mostShow MoreRelatedThe Issue of Homelessness Essays2064 Words   |  9 Pagesthree weeks, I have observed five regular and several wandering homeless people solely on State Street and East Liberty Street. However, homelessness is not a one-sided issue based only on affected individuals, it is also influenced by notions of the homeless from the non-homeless. There is an overwhelmingly negative connotation, a stigma, of homelessness due to misrepresentation. In effect, public perceptions affect how homeless are treated by other institutions and ultimately affect how efficientlyRead MoreThe Social Impact of Drug Abuse24406 Words   |  98 Pagescigarettes; one in five smokes marijuana. (In contrast, substance abuse is nearly absent among the market children.) Thus, inhalants are the most commonly abused substan ces among abandoned street children in Honduras, as opposed to alcohol and crack among homeless teens in the United States, but the overall rate of substance abuse turns out to be about the same in both contexts. Glue is a popular intoxicant among street children throughout the nations of the developing world because it is very cheap, diminishes

Market Power Free Essays

Market power allows firms to increase economic profit through strategic tactics such as erecting barriers to entry, reducing rivalry, limiting substitutes, and reducing the power of buyers and suppliers (Brickley, Smith, Zimmerman, 2009). Furthermore, market power is defined as â€Å"a company’s ability to manipulate price by influencing an item’s supply, demand or both. A company with market power would be able to affect price to its benefit. We will write a custom essay sample on Market Power or any similar topic only for you Order Now Firms with market power are said to be â€Å"price makers† as they are able to set the price for an item while maintaining market share† (Investopedia, 2013). Essentially, companies must control all of the aspects of market power in order to be able to raise prices without losing customers. If a market is easy to enter (lack of entry barriers), then a price increase will allow another firm to erode profits by introducing a lower-cost product. Similarly, if rivalry is not reduced, each price increase will allow for a rival to keep prices the same and gain market share. In addition, substitutes at lower prices will hinder efforts to raise prices. Finally, if a company has few buyers, the buyers have the power. Therefore, price increases will be met with a potential loss of major profit centers. In the NBC Video News Report: How to Raise Prices Without Losing Customers, Bob Prosen alludes to several practices that allow companies to raise customers without losing demand. Essentially, Prosen provides consultation on how to create inelastic demand, where a change in price does not result in a significant change of demand. For example, increasing the value proposition reduces the likelihood of substitute products (substitutes must copy increased value) and decreases rivalry (steps above rivals), resulting in the greater market power needed to raise prices. Prosen states that increasing value makes the customer appreciate the company more, resulting in the ability to raise price (Ramberg, 2012). As another example, Prosen stresses the importance of developing relationships, â€Å"people like to do business with people they like† (Ramberg, 2012). Essentially, Prosen is suggesting erecting barriers to entry by creating friendships and alliances, again resulting in increased market power needed to raise prices. As a capstone example of the need for market power, Research by Mark McCabe of the Georgia Institute of Technology demonstrates the market power of academic journal vendors. Essentially, McCabe found that the consolidation of academic journal vendors (libraries) has led to an oligopoly, and therefore the price structure of academic journals is highly inelastic (McCabe, 2000). Because recent mergers had resulted in few suppliers, vendors of academic journals were able to control the market and raise prices through the use of supplier power. The demand for quality research for use in education cannot change; it is required. Therefore, a change in price will not result in a drop in demand. References Brickley, J. A. , Smith, C. W. , Zimmerman, J. L. (2009). Managerial Economics and Organizational Architecture. New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Investopedia. (2013, March 20). Market Power. Retrieved from Investopedia: http://www. investopedia. com/terms/m/market-power. asp McCabe, M. J. (2000). Academic Journal Pricing and Market Power:. THE AMERICAN ECONOMIC REVIEW, 259-269. JJ Ramberg (Author). MSNBC (Publisher). (07/20/2008). How to Raise Prices Without Losing How to cite Market Power, Essay examples

Comparison of Gandhi and John Paul Ii free essay sample

In spite of differences those two men had common opinions and biographies, as they were using peaceful methods of struggle which influenced political changes, working towards reconciliation of religions and speaking about importance of learning. The first major similarity between John Paul II and Mohandas Gandhi is their peaceful struggle for freedom of their countries and human rights. John Paul was such a charismatic figure that he influenced political changes in Poland, which was in that time dependent from Soviets and ruled by communists. He was convinced that â€Å"violence and arms can never resolve the problems of men†. Similarly, Gandhi was involved in a struggle for freedom of India from British domination without using violence. He was famous for his boycott of British goods and institutions. Another similarity between those two people is their activity on the field of improving relations between different religions. John Paul II travelled the world, met with the heads of different religions and actively worked towards mutual understanding between them. We will write a custom essay sample on Comparison of Gandhi and John Paul Ii or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Comparatively, Mohandas Gandhi devoted himself to creating agreement in Hindu-Muslim affairs. The final similarity between them is their conviction of the importance of learning. John Paul II proved it with his life, as he knew more than 10 languages. Correspondingly, Gandhi emphasized the same with words: â€Å"Live as if you were to die tomorrow. Learn as if you were to live forever†. To sum up, it is worth saying that on the example of John Paul II and Mohandas Gandhi different cultures have theirs outstanding figures, who additionally speak the same voice. That is especially noticeable on the field of peaceful methods of struggle, calling for peace between religions and attitude towards gaining knowledge.

The Last Wave by Peter Weir Essay Example For Students

The Last Wave by Peter Weir Essay SOC 118The Last Wave-Peter Weir dir.(1977)In the film, The Last Wave, the director is trying to communicate the idea of aculture within a culture or sub culture. The dominant culture in the film is the whitemembers of society living in Australia. The subculture in the film is the Aborigines whowere natives to the land before the white people settled in Australia. The nativessustained their cultural beliefs and ideologies while living in largely populated cities. The dominant white culture imposes their laws , ideas of societal values and moralbeliefs on the native Aborigines. Forcing them to abide by a different law system andway of life than what their peoples have practiced for hundreds of years. In the moviethe lawyer, David, represents the dominant culture to the Aborigines because herepresents the law that is controlling their fate in the white culture. The director is also giving us many symbols or visual communication such as theconsistency of water in the film as well as, the overbearing control of darkness. The filmis shot in shadows and overall is very dark , almost forcing us to look beyond the obviousplot and storyline and into the meaning or what the film/director is trying to tell us. Thedarkness in the film can be seen as unconsciousness. It can also be seen as a predictionof the darkness that will occur in the world when the last wave comes. The last wavemeaning a giant tidal wave that will cover the earth , killing humanity. This idea issimilar to the Christian belief in the flood that was sent down centuries ago to destroy allthe evil in the world. Also, all the modern aspects of the movie (courtroom, Davidsoffice..etc) are filmed in light. While, all of the Aborigines scenes are filmed in darknessor shadows. Giving me the impression of something mysterious or not understood by thewhites concerning the Aborigines. The fact that all the modern scenes are filmed in lightcan also support the idea of the white culture being the predominate culture in the filmbut yet not dominant enough to take away the shadows(mysterious , mystical)aspect ofthe Aborigines. The lawyer, David, Also goes through a series of dreams and premonitions. Thisis stressing the idea of mind power and mystical strength that the Aborigines have. Inthat way they can be seen as the dominant culture. David is stuck between two worlds. The world he knows and understands and the other world that he is definitely a part ofbut does not understand. As he tries to grapple with the idea that he may be linked to theAborigines, his own cultural beliefs are changing. He is forming a complex view on life,a combination of ways of viewing the world by both the white Christians and theAborigines. The dream sequences in the film are sometimes difficult to distinguish from thewarped reality that is being portrayed. Overall, they do give us a chance to think andattempt to comprehend what is going through the mind of David. For he cannotdistinguish at times what is real and n ot real. But what is real depends on if you perceiveit as real as an individual. We will write a custom essay on The Last Wave by Peter Weir specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now To me, the film is saying that their is a definite cultural conflict between theChristians and the Aborigines living in Australia. Whichever one the viewer perceives asbeing dominant or subdominant, he will perceive the fact that their is a culture clash. The viewer may also see the idea that the Aborigines(tribal) are not understood in whitesociety and David is the only one who can. He is the link between the two worlds, and atthe same time he is the wall separating them. .u670f1f694359b154a88a6b88643a76a4 , .u670f1f694359b154a88a6b88643a76a4 .postImageUrl , .u670f1f694359b154a88a6b88643a76a4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u670f1f694359b154a88a6b88643a76a4 , .u670f1f694359b154a88a6b88643a76a4:hover , .u670f1f694359b154a88a6b88643a76a4:visited , .u670f1f694359b154a88a6b88643a76a4:active { border:0!important; } .u670f1f694359b154a88a6b88643a76a4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u670f1f694359b154a88a6b88643a76a4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u670f1f694359b154a88a6b88643a76a4:active , .u670f1f694359b154a88a6b88643a76a4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u670f1f694359b154a88a6b88643a76a4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u670f1f694359b154a88a6b88643a76a4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u670f1f694359b154a88a6b88643a76a4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u670f1f694359b154a88a6b88643a76a4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u670f1f694359b154a88a6b88643a76a4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u670f1f694359b154a88a6b88643a76a4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u670f1f694359b154a88a6b88643a76a4 .u670f1f694359b154a88a6b88643a76a4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u670f1f694359b154a88a6b88643a76a4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Janis Joplin EssayOverall, I feel the film was good concerning the ideas behind the storyline. Butdue in part to the directors fetish for water and darkness, he almost destroys the storylineto me. And without the storyline, you cannot interpret the film in a well structured way. Also, the symbolism is so predominant, it points at the viewers lack of intelligence . Similar to someone repeating themselves while speaking over and over and over andover, merely to stress a point. Too bad by that time the point is beyond stressed it isalmost destroyed completely. Category: Music and Movies

Charles Horton Cooley Essays

Charles Horton Cooley Essays Charles Horton Cooley Essay Charles Horton Cooley Essay Charles Horton Cooley (born Aug. 17, 1864, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U. S. died May 8, 1929, Ann Arbor) was an American sociologist and the son of Thomas M. Cooley. He studied and went on to teach economics and sociology at the University of Michigan, and he was a founding member and the eighth president of the American Sociological Association. He is perhaps most well known for his concept of the looking glass self, which is the concept that a persons self grows out of societys interpersonal interactions and the perceptions of others. Cooley is noted for his displeasure at the divisions within Sociology over methodology. He preferred an empirical, observational approach. While he appreciated the use of statistics, he preferred case studies: often using his own children as the subjects on his observation. Cooleys last major work, Social Process (1918), emphasized the non-rational, tentative nature of social organization and the significance of social competition. He interpreted modern difficulties as the clash of primary group values (love, ambition, loyalty) and institutional values (impersonal ideologies such as progress or Protestantism). As societies try to cope with their difficulties, they adjust these two kinds of values to one another as best they can. He also referred to the term the looking glass self. The Looking-glass self is created through the imagination of how ones self might be understood by another individual. This would later be termed Empathic Introspection. This theory applied not only to the individual but to the macro-level economic issues of society and to those macro-sociological conditions which are created over time. The concept of the looking glass self is undoubtedly his most famous, and is known and accepted by most psychologists and sociologists today. It expanded William Jamess idea of self to include the capacity of reflection on its own behavior. Other peoples views build, change and maintain our self-image; thus, there is an interaction between how we see ourselves and how others see us. According to Cooley (1902), in his work Human Nature and the Social Order, his looking-glass self involved three steps. A self-idea of this sort seems to have three principal elements: the imagination of our appearance to the other person; the imagination of his judgment of that appearance, and some sort of self-feeling, such as pride or mortification.

Compare and Contrast Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Compare and Contrast - Essay Example Facebook and Google, two of the IT big companies that have considered investing in the UK, admitted to the PM that it would have been difficult for them to have started their companies in the UK because of its stringent IP laws. Aside from the fair-use provision, UK is also considering eliminating some of the present provisions of its copyright laws that present an unfriendly barrier to internet-based businesses (BBC Mobile 2010). The fair use doctrine that PM Cameron referred to is set out under ss. 107 to 118 of the US Copyright Law or Title 17 of the US Code. This doctrine presents an exception to the exclusive right of copyright owners to reproduce their respective work covered by the Copyright Law. These excepted circumstances usually cover activities such as â€Å"criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research† (The Library of Congress). However, the US Copyright Law provides more room for infringement exceptions because unlike the UK law, it doe s not enumerate the circumstances under which the infringement is allowed, but rather provides a generally worded four-factor test for the courts to determine the infringement exceptions.

Linear Function Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Linear Function - Essay Example More time you spend on phone, less time the battery last. Again amount of water needed is directly proportional to weather. More water is needed, to drink, in hot weather, as compare to cold weather. Again probability of success is directly proportional to hard work done. There are many activities, in our life, which can be proving as examples of linear functions in our life. 1. Suppose you have a lemonade stand, and when you charge $1 per cup of lemonade you sell 50 cups. But when you raise your price to $2 you only sell 25 cups. Write an equation for the number of cups you sell as a function of the price you charge. Denote "C" for number of cups, and "P" for the price you charge. Assume the function is linear. 3. Which of the following are functions Explain your reasoning for a, b, and c. Keep the definition of a function strongly in mind as you do this problem, it is not nearly as difficult as it may look. Think about whether the relationship between f(x) and x is consistent with being a function or not and explain your reasoning. Time taken by a person is function of speed of driving. How much you increase your driving speed, you take less time to cover the required distance. Now distance between your home and work place is constant provided you use same path for driving daily. So speed of driving is the one of major factor to decide time required to reach to the work.

Contact zone Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Contact zone - Essay Example It happened that I befriended a tour guide who promised to take me deep into the communal areas to meet people and learn their culture someday before returning home. The problem was that on arriving in the rural area, I was embarrassed by having many people from the community following us and making some funny jokes about my dressing that was very different from theirs. In summers, am used to wearing light clothing that expose most of the body to enjoy the sun bath and the freshness of the weather in my destinations. However, the community I visited was a conservative one that adorned in clothes that covered almost the entire body. I could clearly tell they were making fun of my clothing. When having lunch, as I liked having new delicacies from native communities, the type of food that was served was very different to what I was used to. From that time, I could read some negative reactions from the people I had visited and even the person I head befriended was involved in some jokes that made fun of me. Considering am not used to working in the garden, I made an ugly scene trying to learn farming using animals to plough. The reaction in the entire contact with the community was that I was a fool who did not know the best things to eat and one that could not work. From the interpretations that I got, I learned that the locals were remarking that people of my type were a lazy lot who could not do any physical activity or wear decent clothing to cover the body. From the experience, a contact zone is influenced by the extent of adherence to beliefs and values in a community and the degree to which such a community recognizes and embraces defying cultures. The community in question was a conservative one that followed strict codes of behaviour and values. Anyone who failed to abide by these values was a laughing stock and an outcast not welcome in the community. Pratt (37) suggested that a person surrounded and living in a particular culture will develop a strong be lief that their culture is much better than other cultures out there, and will look down upon anyone practicing a different culture. This influence was manifested in the community above. Most of the indigenous people do not travel but live in strong communal ties separated into several clans, with each clan having a strict code of values and behaviours to follow. As a result, anyone with different behaviours or values was an intruder whose behaviour had to be ignored with a â€Å"disgusting† attitude. Concerning the dressing code, the community had a strong belief that wearing exposing clothing was a taboo that an adult was not supposed to be indulged in. A pair of summer shorts and a small vest was not considered decent clothing, and from the observation, there was a sense of disgust especially from the elders. Communities are differentiated not by their genuineness, nevertheless by the stylishness in which such communities are imagined (Pratt 37). Judging from the entire re ception and treatment while in the community, it was evident that the community had a perception and belief that I lacked values and discipline. The fact that I could not participate in farm activities effectively or other strenuous physical activities such as using animals in the farm suggested I was lazy compared to their fellow communal members. The main problem was that the community lacked any insight regarding western communities or life and cultures in the western world,

Examining case studies as a research method

Examining case studies as a research method Article Assignment : CASE STUDIES Abstract : Case Study one of the approach of methodology to get result and also get data collection. Case study are famous in the social science field. This field give big explanation in many things include the social behavior. Case study also can have or perform in information management / knowledge management or library science field. This article also explore about the category of the case study, the advantages and disadvantages, weakness and also the applicability of this case study method in term of information management. Keywords Case Study, Academic Library, Research, Quantitative, Qualitative, Information Management Introduction Research can be defined as a process of systematic method to enquiry and investigate of the field. By doing the research, it can help to solve problems, increase knowledge to the researcher. Beside that the research can be part of the researcher to get now or most interesting features, then it can helps the researcher to have an opportunity to clarify, follow and confirm the new things with their interested in the topic or subject. Collis , Hussey, (2003) had stated the use of research which is to : Analyze and explore the general issues To appraisal and produce the new and obtainable knowledge To identify and investigate the problems and situations that existing To gain and generate the new ideas or knowledge To explain and state the new phenomena To develop and create the system, procedures and policies Definitions of Case Study Case study is the one of the research method and methodology. Case study is an applying an exhaustive approach which is the researcher focuses on only one specific instance of the phenomenon to be studied. It’s also only a instances in order to study the original or phenomenon in depth. From the article case study as a research method by Zaidah Zainal, (2007), stated that case study allows the exploration and understanding of complex issues. It can be considered a robust research method particularly when a holistic, in-depth investigation is required. Gulsecen Kubat, (2006) stated that case study recognized as a tool in many social science studies, the role of case study method in research becomes more prominent when issues with regard to education. A case study offers an opportunity to study a particular subject, example one organisation, in depth, or a group of people, and usually involves gathering and analyzing information; information that may be both qualitative and qua ntitative . The American Heritage Dictonary of the Engish Language , (2000) defines case study as a detailed comprehensive study of a unit such as a business or a business division that stresses factor contributing to its success or failure. Another definition is a detailed analysis of a person or group, especially as a model of the medical, social phenomena, psychiatric and psychological. Yin ( 2009) believes that relative samples used in either large or small, cannot change to one or more research into the macroscopic study. Single case can be accepted by meeting challenge objectives case studies. Beside that, Yin (2002) defines the case study research method â€Å"as an empirical study that investigates a contemporary phenomenon within its real-life context which is when the boundaries between phenomenon and context are not clearly evident; and in which multiple sources of evidence are used. Besides that he is also mention that a a design of the case study should be considered when first is the focus of the study is to answer â€Å"how† and â€Å"why† questions; second, the reseacrher cannot manipulate the behavior of those involved in the study; third, the reseacrher want to cover contextual conditions because you believe they are relevant to the phenomenon under study; or fourth, the limitations are not clear between the phenomenon and context. Other than that, Zaidah (2007) also stated that the past literature show the application of the case study research and method in many areas and disciplines in all types of media. Category of the case study The category of the case study are being categories by three, first is exploratory, descriptive and explanatory case studies. The exploratory case study can be explain as case studies set to explore any phenomenon in the data which serves as a point of interest to the researcher. For an example, a researcher conducting the exploratory a case study and the case study include the all data collection, research question and etc. The second category is descriptive case studies. This category of this case study explains about natural phenomena which happen within the data in question. For an example, the question like what different strategies use. The descriptive case studies may use in the narrative form like using the pattern matching procedure and so on. The third category is explanatory case studies. This examine the data deeply in level to explain the phenomena of the data in order. The explanatory case studies investigate the complex and multivariate cases. This complex theory explain the three theories of the phenomenon and study. Case study is one of the offers an opportunity to study of the particular subject. For n example, the case study can do the research at organization , the target group of people which usually involves collect, gathering and analyzing the data and information. And the information can be gets from qualitative or quantitative. Basic types of the case study design. Figure 1 : Types of Case Study Strength and Weakness of the Case Study Weaknesses Case studies include and involve the small sets of data for an example as one or two companies. that may conduct the researcher to get and gain some insights about the trends or viral in the relevant industries. For example, the case study about the Honda Company might be used to generalize about similar companies in the automobile industries. The data or information is a reasonable to the company that chosen as a source of data. But the case studies involve small data and so that conversational empirical techniques cannot be used or where they are used. Strengths. The case study method involves detailed, holistic , futuristic investigation in all aspects and can utilize a range of different measurement techniques such as a methodological tool. The data can be collected over the time and related to the industries. The histories or the stories that can be told about the company are also something’s that can be assessed and documented not just empirical data. There are 8 steps to conducting a case study: 1) set up the broad case to investigate 2) set up the research questions 3) Select the particular cases to be used 4) Determine data gathering and analysis techniques 5) Prepare to collect of the data 6) Collect the data 7) Analyse the data 8) Prepare the report Methodology Review : Applicability of case studies method in context information management In term of the applicability in context information management, as we know, information management nowadays is developing to manage the information. To understand what information management is, the researcher nowadays interest to more case study in this field or area. Nowadays there are lots social scientist do the research. The information management are include the how to manage the information. By doing the research or case study in this area, the researcher must know the trend of the current research or issues . It’s important to know the trend because it making easier to the future study. For example, if the researcher do the research or case study on the impact of use the media social, the researcher must know about the previous research and need to suggest he future reading to the reader. Besides that, by doing the case study, it allows the researcher to explore deeply the issues. Information management more to understanding how to manage the information, the type of the information and so on. Case study have been use in information management research to suggest various types of findings. The approach of case study method also can develop many theory and model such as utaut model 1 and 2 , TAM models and so on. The case study can give comprehensive understanding on the phenomena or the specific field in information management. It is helps the researcher by doing the decision making. Conclusion In the nut, case study methodology are most important method to investigate deeply certain field. Nowadays, Case studies being speedily increasingly famous among the qualitative and quantitative researchers. This types of methodology provide the flexibility on the development, design and the methods’ technique in the case study. Moreover, case studies are consider to use I many research that can be the other alternative in qualitative or quantitative research because of case study is the best of methodology in research. Moreover, case studies observe many variables or elements to complete the event or research. Case study using documents, observation and also the interviews as the main sources of the information. Most the case study assigns and allocate the point from the case study. Supporter or the researcher will hold which means that it is depends on the situations behavior. The good case study must have creativity, the design, innovation in the context of the research. Yin (2009), also mention that case study can relies with many sources Yin (2009), also mention that all handle with the technically in Case Study, characteristic situation where there will be a lot of variables of interest field than data points , and as one result. Case study also relies on multiple sources of proof, with data needing to converge in a triangulation as a result. The case study also give benefits to prior development of theoretical propositions to guide data collection and analysis 1 | Page

Wallace Stevenss The Emperor of Ice-Cream Essay -- Stevens Ice Cream

Wallace Stevens's "The Emperor of Ice-Cream" "The only emperor is the emperor of ice-cream," Wallace Steven's writes in his poem "The Emperor of Ice-Cream" (8). This line proclaiming the ice-cream maker as important as an emperor is used metaphorically to describe the selfishness of human nature. One the surface, the poem is about the wake of a poor, old woman. However, if the metaphors and symbols of the poem are examined, the poem's deeper message becomes apparent. The attenders of the wake, who represent human nature, are uninterested in the dead woman; they are only concerned with their own wants - eating ice-cream. Therefore, the "emperor of ice-cream" is truly the mourners' emperor, for the ice-cream maker represents the power of human selfishness, a power present in all humans. Stevens creates nondescript characters, other than in their plainness, for "Emperor," thus making them easy to identify with as general and typical people, who therefore exhibit typical human nature. Furthering their regularity, the dead woman and her mourners are from a fairly low social status. Stevens writes, "Let the wenches dawdle in such dress/ As they are used to wear, and let the boys/ Bring flowers in last month's newspapers" (4-6). The girls' everyday dresses and the boys' flowers wrapped in old newspapers are testaments to their plainness as well as their lack of wealth. Stevens says the dead woman has a "dresser of deal,/ Lacking the three glass knobs" (9-10). Her cheap dresser missing three of its knobs is another example of the near poverty and simplicity of the woman and her mourners. Stephen's characters are simple and normal people; thus, their actions represent the actions and urges of simple and normal human nature. The m... ...ourners directing the light of the lamp probably onto the dead woman gives the impression that they find the dead woman somewhat interesting and important. However, these impressions love and interest are quickly revoked when reminded that "the only emperor is the emperor of ice-cream." In other words, personal pleasure is far more important than duty. "The Emperor of Ice-Cream" begins and ends with the ice-cream maker, thus establishing him as the most important piece of the poem. The ice cream maker is the only emperor; he is the only person, representing human desire, that can truly rule one's life. This power makes "the only emperor...the emperor of ice-cream." Works Cited Stevens, Wallace. "The Emperor of Ice-Cream." Literature: Reading, Thinking, Writing. Fourth Edition. Ed. Michael Meyer. Boston: St. Martin's, 1996.

Cash Basis vs. Accrual Basis Accounting Essay

Cash basis accounting and the accrual basis accounting are two accounting methods used to keep track of a business’s income and expenses. In accrual basis accounting, revenue is recorded as it is earned and expenses are recorded when they generate revenue. Under cash basis accounting, only transactions involving increases or decreases of the entity’s cash are recorded. One of the major differences is the reporting of net income and net cash flows from operations. The cash basis is the more commonly used method of accounting by individuals and small businesses with sales of less than $5 million per year whereas accrual basis is used by large companies and is required of corporations whose stock is publicly traded. With accrual basis accounting being more complex, it provides more financial information about a company, therefore, providing more meaningful financial reports. Cash basis accounting is the simple method. It provides a more accurate picture of how much actual cash your business has because it only deals with cash transactions. Companies record transaction when they have an increase or decrease of cash. However, this doesn’t give you a clear picture of a company’s operations and financial performance. In summary, the difference is the timing when transactions, including sales and purchases, are credited or debited to your account. If your business is simple, then cash basis will do, but accrual basis provides the â€Å"big† picture of business operations.

Would You Recommend a Friend to Our Hospital

Running head: WOULD YOU RECOMMEND A FRIEND TO OUR HOSPITAL? 1 David M. Dowling Operations Management I Southwestern College 20 January 2011 Week 3 – The Culture & Quality at Arnold Palmer Hospital Running head: WOULD YOU RECOMMENT A FRIEND TO OUR HOSPITAL? 2 Abstract In this paper I will demonstrate the importance of instilling a culture of quality in employees and why it’s essential to establish a concise mission statement, code of ethics, procedures and processes that employees can utilize in order to carry out the hospitals philosophy and mission.I will also show what systems and processes I would set up in a new hospital to achieve a culture of quality in a hospital. The paper will also show some of the processes that the Arnold Palmer Hospital in Orlando, Florida uses to achieve such a high success rate in customer satisfaction. The bottom line of this paper is that it’s easy to claim or make the statement that a hospital provides a quality service. Itâ€⠄¢s another thing to deliver. Learned and established techniques from this text will help an operations manager achieve the desired goal for establishing an environment of quality, excellence and profitability.Running head: WOULD YOU RECOMMEND A FRIEND TO OUR HOSPITAL? 3 INTRODUCTION My Name is Dave Dowling and I am a new employee at the Arnold Palmer Hospital in Orlando, Florida. After graduating from Southwestern College I was looking for a company that I could exercise my new talents as an Operations Management graduate. I was drawn to Arnold Palmer Hospital because of their dynamic structure and their compassion and care for children. First I would like to give you a little background on the Arnold Palmer Hospital and why it is such an appealing place to work. It was founded in 1989, the Arnold Palmer Hospital (A. P. H. is sanctuary of hope and healing for many sick children. It has grown to be one of the largest women’s and children’s hospitals in the United State s. A. P. H. is a top level 1 children’s trauma facility. The hospital provides tangible services such as neonatal and pediatric intensive care services, pediatric oncology and cardiology. It also provides specialized service such as care for high risk pregnancies and maternal intensive care. The hospital is very proud of its new multi building facility that covers 676,000 square feet and houses some of the finest advanced state of the art medical equipment on the market today.This awesome facility houses 2,000 of the most compassionate and dedicated doctors, nurses and administrators found in any hospital in the United States. WOULD YOU RECOMMEND A FRIEND TO OUR HOSPITAL? 4 As part of the management team I was introduced to many of the processes that have been put into place at A. P. H. They have built a culture of quality that is focused on the patient and their family. The mantra at A. P. H. is â€Å"Quality is not just taking care of the patient, but also taking care of t he family†. Why is it important for Arnold Palmer Hospital to get patient assessment of health care quality.Does the patient have the expertise to judge the health care he or she receives? In order to feel the pulse of the hospital and truly be able to assess what services need to be added, deleted or modified. Administrators need to know how patients truly feel about the experience they had at the Arnold Palmer Hospital. A powerful tool that A. P. H. has been using is the comprehensive survey that captures a patient’s honest assessment on their experience. Administrators review the assessments on a daily basis. This tool will allow administrators, doctors, nurses and employees adjust processes to provide patients better services.If patients and families are unhappy about treatment, facilities, parking, finding their way around the hospital, the management and hospital administrators need to know. They need to know on a daily basis. The executive staff level at A. P. H. review assessments as they are loaded into the executive dash board on a daily basis. They look at four quadrants of the hospital operation. Services, Quality, Human Resources and Finances. The results of the survey’s allow corporate officers to move assets, resources , personnel and changes to that functional areas that need the change.The results can help hospitals learn how to treat patients the way they expect to be treated. WOULD YOU RECOMMEND A FRIEND TO OUR HOSPITAL? 5 Addressing the question, Do patients have the expertise to judge the health care he or she receives. According to (Drain, 2010) â€Å"Patients do judge the quality of clinical care they receive. However, they base their judgments on far more than the technical interventions, many of which they are unaware. The sweeping overhaul of the U. S. health care system likely will result in increased patient volumes for hospitals and medical practices.As the nation moves toward value-based purchasing, patient sa tisfaction will become an increasingly important measure of quality. In a 2009 HealthLeaders Media survey, nearly a third of health care executives said that the patient experience was their top priority; another 55% said that it was in their top five. All reported that patient experience would be a priority in five years. In a 2004 study of five clinical conditions, two dimensions of patient-centered care stood out: emotional support and respect for patients’ values, preferences and expressed needs.Simply, put, providing support and involving patients in decision making are associated with better outcomes. Good communication between patients and care providers drives positive patient experiences and compliance, which lead to positive outcomes. Patient satisfaction is not about making patients â€Å"happy†; it is about improving the patient’s experience to facilitate health and medical outcomes. When patients are satisfied, trust is enhanced. When patients trust their physician, they are more likely to disclose information, follow advice and adhere to treatment plans†.It is very difficult to answer this question, regardless if you feel that people have the expertise to judge physicians and hospital on the care they receive or not. One must keep in mind that most people just want to feel that they are receiving the best medical care possible and they want to be informed and feel that they are cared for and have a clear roadmap on what is going on with their treatment. WOULD YOU RECOMMEND A FRIEND TO OUR HOSPITAL? 6 How would you build a culture of quality in an organization such as Arnold Palmer Hospital?As an operations manager I would break down my plan to develop a culture of quality into three categories, management, personnel and facilities. In order to properly take an organization to â€Å"A Culture of Quality† It is important develop a plan at the management level first. The first step is to establish a code of ethics, mission statement and leadership philosophy for management and first line supervisors. Although Arnold Palmer Hospital empowers all employees to make decisions. A foundation of standards needs to be established in writing as a source document for all employees from the top down.This will make it very clear that there is specific behavior that is expected from every employee from the CEO to food service. The next step I would take is to establish a mission for the hospital. The goal is to provide quality health care and make the patient experience as pleasant and comfortable as possible. Establish with every employee that each patient is an individual and must be respected as a person. People and families tend to not be themselves when they are sick. Every employee needs to rise above their own feelings and focus on why they are in the health care business.Establish in the minds of employees that every patient has the right to comprehensive, compassionate family centered health care service. Every patient and family has a right to be heard with the concerns they have about the care they or their family member is receiving. I would establish a patient bill of rights in order to serve as a guideline for employees to follow and understand. Once rules and policy is established I would then implement and put into place the following processes in order to give our employees the means and tools to carry out the desired missions of the hospital board of directors and administrators.WOULD YOU RECOMMEND A FRIEND TO OUR HOSPITAL? 7 The first step is to establish a department that will construct a comprehensive survey the patients can fill out in order to capture what their experience was like at the hospital. I would then have the department establish an executive web site that this department can post reports, flowcharts, checksheets, Scatter Diagrams, cause and effect diagrams and various statistical reports. This will allow leaders at all levels see what patients like and dislike about their experience.This will allow top levels of management properly direct what processes need improvement and change and what assets need to be re-directed to those weak functional areas or processes. In order to ensure that your employees are on board with the hospital philosophy rules and policy must be established to empower employees to make decisions without being promoted to act. And work everyday with the goal of continually striving to improve processes and their specific job duties. I would also establish process improvement teams by department.These are the teams that ensure that data is being captured as problems arise with processes or employees and also reacting to customer surveys and tackle what patients see as a problem. And finally I would establish some type of awards program that would reward employees for making the effort of making our hospital a better place to work and a place the patients feel at ease with getting well. As mentioned in the p rior paragraphs, I would establish a training program that will instill the culture of quality in every employee. Encourage them to own it and live it.To continually strive to improve processes and that there is always room for improvement. I would also instill that communication is key. Ensure that employees understand that keeping customers informed WOULD YOU RECOMMEND A FRIEND TO OUR HOSPITAL? 8 is the number one priority. If you don’t have the answer, you will find someone who has the answer. The facility and equipement is also a very important concern when establishing a culture of quality within your hospital. As an operations manager you must ensure that the hospital has the best quality and up to date state of the art facilities and equipment that you budget will allow.Continually work with doctors, nurses, technicians and staff to ensure that operations is doing everything it can to ensure that processes are properly equipped and that patient rooms, surgical rooms an d all facets of the facility are properly supplied, illuminated, marked, and safe. The bottom line is that you need facilities that are state of the art facilities, processes that provide quality healthcare, programs and measures that capture the patients like and dislike about your hospital. But most of all you need to mentor your employees about all the task that need to be accomplished in order to achieve â€Å"a culture of quality†.Constant analysis and caring employees is what make this happen. What techniques does Arnold Palmer Hospital practice in its drive for quality and continuous improvement? The number one technique that A. P. H. utilizes is their comprehensive surveys. Patient survey capture the customer’s assessment’s of there experience in the hospital. These survey’s will assess customers expectations of the medical services that the hospital is offering. This survey will be in-depth and will ask a wide variety of questions from the qualit y of food, staff, accommodations and medical treatment.The most important question is â€Å"Would you recommend A. P. H. to your friends? † Once the surveys are done they are posted they are posted on the WOULD YOU RECOMMEND A FRIEND TO OUR HOSPITAL? 9 executive Dash Board which allows continuous monitoring of the problems and the measures the hospital staff are taking to correct the problems. It is important for key leadership and senior administrators to review survey each and every day in order to keep their pulse on the climate of the hospital and its patients.The survey asks specific questions such as respect, access, quality of care and medical staff, was the care coordinated, were you given a thorough explanation of your condition and follow on care. This information will assist employee, supervisors and administrators refine processes to improve the quality that is provided to patients. The new measure are pushed down to the individual department levels to ensure chan ges are made were the problems exist. A. P. H. management will also take these assessments and compare the against a national benchmark comparison in order to provide the best health care possible.Data is available on how other hospital might handle a similar issue or chanllenge. As mentioned prior, The A. P. H. executive dashboard is a crucial tool in assessing customers opinions about their experience at A. P. H. In order to truly know were we really stand with customers we must capture extremely accurate information on how our patients and their families fell about the care that we have provided. It doesn’t matter what we think, The only opionion that truly counts is the patients and their family. Another method is benchmarking.Benchmarking in order to ensure that standards are set in order to establish and maintain specific standards in the specific medical services that it will offer its customers. The specific services that they focus on are pediatric and neonatal inten sive care, pediatric oncology, labor and delivery and care for high risk pregnancies. As mentioned prior, the business of caring for people is the business of having highly trained physicians and WOULD YOU RECOMMEND A FRIEND TO OUR HOSPITAL? 10 state of the art equipment. This is your service. If you fail to contiunually update processes and benchmark.You will not survive, patients will simply go to better hospitals. Without benchmarking quality of service could slip causing customer dissatisfaction. Another interesting and unique technique that A. P. H. uses is giving senior leadership cell phone and they can monitor and get directly involved with patients and families if there are significant challenges or patients are unhappy or concerned about the service they are receiving. The senior management has taken call on the most trivial issues. The unique part of this story is they don’t see these small issues as trivial.This is probably why they rank so high nationwide in cust omer satisfaction. The hospital also uses various charts. I will briefly discuss the uses of each. The flow charts & Pareto charts are used to give staff and personnel a quick overview of what is happening in the hospital and nationwide. The Pareto charts also focus on critical items and leave less important issues off. This is a good chart to find out what the major problems are. Benchmarking is critical in showing where opportunities exist for improvement. Develop a fish-bone diagram illustrating the quality variables for a patient who just gave birth at A.P. H. Another tool that can be used by operations managers is cause and affect diagram or fish-bone chart. This can assist department heads such as those who are in charge of a post natal unit in a hospital. This chart can help doctors, pediatricians and pediatric nurses take care of mom and baby in a more efficient manner. It chart will identify potential causes to problems that that may have occurred in the past. Knowing what causes problems will give employees the ability to WOULD YOU RECOMMEND A FRIEND TO OUR HOSPITAL? 11 identify these problems.These charts should be updated as new problems arise and new equipment is introduced to the post labor or neo natal units. Charts like these help us document mistakes and learn from others . Below is a chart I developed to help the nurses and doctors identify potential causes of the most common post natal problems that hinder quality care for mom and baby. Material: Quality rooms designed for post natal patients PATIENTS HAVING TO ENDURE CRAMPED ROOMS COMPLAINTS ABOUT OLD EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES Method: Processes & classes to prepare parents to go home SPECIAL DESIGNED ROOMSROOMS THAT ACCOMMODATE MOM & BABY WELL LIGHTED ROOMSBASIC INFANT CARE CLASSE POOR PARENTING SKILLS ACCOMODATIONS FOR LONG TERM STAYSMOMS MEETING MOMS CLASSENO SUPPORT QUALITY MEDICAL SUPPLIESBIG BROTHER BIG SISTER CLASSESKIDS NOT COPINGPARENTAL BREASTFEEDING CLASS NOT UNDERSTANDING EDUCATED P ARENT PREPARED TO TAKE BABY HOME Hospital cant provide care because lack of state of the art equipment NEONATOLOGISTINEXPERIENCEDPEDIATRIC EMERGENCY UNIT PEDIATRIC NURSESLACK OF SPECIAL SKILLSPEDIATRICS INENSIVE CARE UNIT PEDIATRIC SPECIALISTSNICU CANT DEAL WITH NICU UNITSManpower: Quality Doctors, Nurses and specialists Machine: State of the art equipment & Services EMERGENCIESPEDIATRIC INPATIENT UNIT WOULD YOU RECOMMEND A FRIEND TO OUR HOSPITAL? 12 REFERENCES 1. Drain, M. , MA. (2010). How patient satifaction correlates with clinical quality, Retrieved from http://www. pressganey. com/improvinghealthcare /improvingHCBlog/blogPost/10-04-12/How_Patient_Satisfaction_Correlates_With_ Clinical_Quality. aspx

Charki - The Original Jerky Method of Preserving Meat

Ch'arki - The Original Jerky Method of Preserving Meat The word jerky, referring to a dried, salted and pounded form of all kinds of animal meat, has its origins in the South American Andes, perhaps about the same time as the llama and alpaca were domesticated. Jerky is from charki, a Quechua word for a specific type of dried and deboned camelid (alpaca and llama) meat, perhaps produced by South American cultures for some eight or so thousands of years. Jerky is one of a multitude of meat preservation techniques which were no doubt used by historic and prehistoric peoples, and like many of them, it is a technique for which archaeological evidence must be supplemented by ethnographic studies. Benefits of Jerky Jerky is a form of meat preservation in which fresh meat is dried to prevent it from spoiling. The principal purpose and outcome of the process of drying meat is to reduce water content, which inhibits microbial growth, decreases overall bulk and weight, and causes a proportionate increase in salt, protein, ash and fat content by weight. Salted and fully dried jerky can have an effective shelf life of at least 3-4 months, but under the right conditions can be much longer. The dried product can have over twice the caloric yield of fresh meat, based on weight. For example, the ratio of fresh meat to charki varies between 2:1 and 4:1 by weight, but the protein and nutritive value remain  equivalent. Preserved jerky can be later rehydrated through prolonged water soaking, and in South America, charki is most commonly consumed as reconstituted chips or small pieces in soups and stews. Easily transportable, nutritious and boasting a prolonged shelf life: no wonder charki was an important pre-Columbian Andian subsistence resource. A luxury food to the Incas, charki was made available to the common folk as during ceremonial occasions and military service. Charki was demanded as a tax, and deposited in was used as a form of tax to be deposited in state storehouses along the Inca road system to provision imperial armies. Making Charki Pinning down when charki was first made is tricky. Archaeologists have used historical and ethnographic sources to discover how charki was made, and from that developed a theory about what archaeological remains can be expected from that process. The earliest written record we have comes from the Spanish friar and conquistador Bernabà © Cobo. Writing in 1653, Cobo wrote that Peruvian people prepared charki by cutting it into slices, putting the slices on ice for a time and then pounding it thin. More recent information from modern day butchers in Cuzco support this method. They make strips of deboned meat of uniform thickness, no more than 5 mm (1 inch), to control the consistency and timing of the drying process. These strips are exposed to the elements in high altitudes during the driest and coldest months between May and August. There the strips are hung on lines, specially constructed poles, or simply placed on rooftops to keep them out of reach of scavenging animals. After between 4-5 (or as many as 25 days, recipes vary), the strips are removed from the are pounded between two stones to make them thinner still. Charki is made by different methods in different parts of South America: for example, in Bolivia, what is called charki is dried meat with fragments of foot and skulls left, and in the Ayucucho region, meat simply dried on the bone is called charki. Meat dried at higher elevations can be done with cold temperatures alone; meat dried at lower elevations is done by smoking or salting. Identifying Meat Preservation The primary way that archaeologists identify the likelihood of some form of meat preservation having occurred is by the schlep effect: identifying meat butchering and processing areas by the types of bones left in each type of spot. The schlep effect argues that, especially for larger animals, it is not efficient to lug around the entire animal, but instead, you would butcher the animal at or near the point of kill and take the meat-bearing parts back to camp. The Andean highlands gives an excellent example of that. From ethnographic studies, traditional camelid butchers in Peru slaughtered animals near the pastures high in the Andes, then divided the animal into seven or eight parts. The head and lower limbs were discarded at the slaughter site, and the major meat-bearing portions were then moved to a lower elevation production site where they were further broken down. Finally, the processed meat was brought into market. Since the traditional method of processing charki required that it be done at relatively high elevations during the dry part of the winters, theoretically an archaeologist could identify butchering sites by finding an over-representation of head and distal limb bones, and identify processing site by an over-representation of proximal limb bones at lower-elevation (but not too lower) processing sites. Two problems exist with that (as with traditional schlep effect). First, identifying body parts after the bones have been processed is difficult because bones which are exposed to weathering and animal scavenging are difficult to identify the  body part with confidence. Stahl (1999) among others addressed that by examining bone densities in different bones in the skeleton and applying them to tiny fragments left at sites, but his results were varied. Secondly, even if bone preservation was ideal, you could really only say youve identified butchering patterns, and not necessarily how the meat was processed. Bottom Line: How Old is Jerky? Nevertheless, it would be foolhardy to argue that the meat from animals slaughtered in cold climates and transported to warmer climates was not preserved for the trip in some manner. No doubt some form of jerky was made at least at the time of camelid domestication and perhaps before. The real story might be that all weve traced here is the origins of the word jerky, and making jerky (or pemmican or kavurmeh or some other form of preserved meat) by freezing, salting, smoking or some other method might well have been a skill developed by complex hunter-gatherers everywhere some 12,000 or better years ago. Sources This glossary entry is a part of the About.com guide to the Ancient Foods, and the Dictionary of Archaeology. Miller GR, and Burger RL. 2000. Charki at Chavin: Ethnographic Models and Archaeological Data. American Antiquity 65(3):573-576. Madrigal TC, and Holt JZ. 2002. White Tailed Deer Meat and Marrow Return Rates and Their Application to Eastern Woodlands Archaeology. American Antiquity 67(4):745-759. Marshall F, and Pilgram T. 1991. Meat versus within-bone nutrients: Another look at the meaning of body part representation in archaeological sites. Journal of Archaeological Science 18(2):149-163. Speth, John D. D. The Paleoanthropology and Archaeology of Big-Game Hunting: Protein, Fat, or Politics? Interdisciplinary Contributions to Archaeology, 2010 edition, Springer, July 24, 2012. Stahl PW. 1999. Structural density of domesticated South American camelid skeletal elements and the archaeological investigation of prehistoric Andean Charki. Journal of Archaeological Science 26:1347-1368.

Factors that influence recruitment and selection practices in HRIS Research Paper

Factors that influence recruitment and selection practices in HRIS - Research Paper Example light with this, several factors influences recruitment and selection practices in the HRIS depending with organization’s goals especially on what it intends to attain by recruiting new employees. Currently, many organizations heavily invest in HRIS in the effort to manage human resource. However, what they fail to realize is that HRIS should not only be concerned with, administrative human resource, but also human resource planning in order to attain their goals (Kandula 69). Therefore, it is apparent that any person to manage HRIS should contain the ultimate capability to enable the organization attain its goals. For example, somebody working in HRIS must have adequate knowledge on HRISs. This is paramount because certain knowledge about computerized applications is required to manage employee’s data and information. The candidate must as well be innovative in order to bring about knew knowledge, ideas and development in the organization (Kandula 69). This is arguably true because organizations success highly depends on the workforce abilities to deliver. In essence, HRIS involves helping the organization in analyzing job competencies and skills, salary and wages data, analysis of recruitment patterns and trends, and other strategic management in an organization (Pattanayak 46). With such information, organizations are able to effectively manage human resource. In this regard, any person heading HRIS must contain knowledge of how to articulate on these issues in order to help the organization succeed. In addition, HRIS should contain performance management system and training and development systems, which are used to evaluate and improve performance of employees. Individuals heading HRIS should have the ability to develop a system that can measure how every employee performs in the organization, and develop a system that enhances their competencies (Pattanayak 46). Different companies have different goals and objectives. However, this depends with area of

Brand Building Strategies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Brand Building Strategies - Essay Example We will provide branded products and services of superior quality and value that improve the lives of the world’s consumers, now and for generations to come. As a result, consumers will reward us with leadership sales, profit, and value creation, allowing our people, our shareholders, and the communities in which we live and work to prosper. Secondly, the marketing of a product can be conducted through signifying the product with the name of the company. Extending the benefit of the overall brand is known as a hybrid brand. Kotler and Pfoertsch (2010) observe that certain products of a company can be marketed simply by relating their identity to the holistic company brand. The products of a company can also be marketed by incorporating them under the company or master brand name, which is known as an umbrella brand or family brand. To this end, Phillips, Doole, and Lowe (1994) observe that firms such as Heinz, Kellogg’s, and Cadbury market their products under their company name or family name1. For example, Heinz ketchup’s and sauces: Classico, Heinz Ketchup, and Heinz Salad Cream; meals and snacks: Bagel Bites, T.G.I. Fridays Mozzarella Sticks, and Ore-Ida Potato; infant/nutrition: Heinz Nurture Infant formulas, Plasmon Infant Food, and Wattie’s Gravy. Kellogg’s, with its 490 products, shows how one company can expand through the creation of specific product attributes, from Kellogg’s Rice Krispies Treat to MorningStar Farms Meal Starters. Finally, Cadbury is known for its love of chocolate, which is varied in products such as Cadbury Dairy Milk Chocolate Bars, Cadbury Mini Rolls Cakes, Cadbury Digestive Biscuits, Cadbury Drinking Chocolate Drinks, Cadbury Dream Sticks Ice Cream, and dessert boxes that are filled with chocolate treats. On the other hand, a distinct brand is based on differentiation from the clutter of lookalike products that are on the market. Several measures can ensure that a